Gnosis Chain

docs.gnosischain.com

The community run chain. Gnosis Chain is one of the first Ethereum sidechains and has stayed true to its values.

llms.txt

// File: about/README

Introducing Gnosis Chain

Gnosis Chain is a community-owned EVM-based network operated by a diverse set of validators around the world. It is one of Ethereum’s first sidechains focused on resilience and credible neutrality as its core values. Currently, there are over 200,000 validators who secure the network.

Gnosis Chain uses DAO governance mechanism to ensure anyone can participate in the decision-making processes regarding the development and future of the network. Creating dApps and integrating with Gnosis Chain products is similar to any other EVM-based blockchain. You can find more details in the protocol specification.

Fees

Each transaction on the Gnosis Chain (sending tokens, interacting with smart contracts, etc.) is associated with the fee in xDai stablecoin.

It is one of the main differences from other EVM chains where users pay in a native token of that network.
This approach reduces the volatility risks and simplifies the development experience.

Also, transaction fees are not split among pool participants of the validation process. They are received only by the validator who sealed the block. Note, this is subject to change. As the network grows, the fees may be redirected to support additional aspects of the protocol.

// File: about/third-parties

On-ramps

// File: about/uRamp

import ReactPlayer from 'react-player'

What is uRamp ?

uRamp offers seamless on and off ramp to users by allowing them to on ramp to ERC20 tokens across EVM chains by sending EUR to their Monerium IBAN. Similarly, it allows users to off ramp from ERC20 tokens from EVM chains to EUR in their bank account.

The existing user experience in Web3 for on and off ramping between fiat and on chain assets is very clunky and requires users to go through many steps and incur heavy fees with no certainty of when they will receive their fiat in bank account and vice versa. uRamp is been built to provide an easy to use product allowing people to on and offramp between their IBANs and wallets seamlessly by integrating both Monerium and Li.Fi and leveraging their powers of collateralised stablecoin offering, native IBANs, low fees model and cross chain bridging and swapping.

uRamp is supposed to be a simple representation of possibilities of Gnosis Chain when combined with Monerium and Li.Fi .

How to use uRamp ?

To use uRamp a user needs to have a wallet and a Monerium account (IBAN linked to Gnosis Chain). uRamp takes the user through a Monerium onboarding flow in case the user does not have an existing Monerium account.

Once connected with both the services the user can choose between Bank to Crypto (On Ramp) or Crypto to Bank (Off Ramp).

Go to https://uramp.gnosis.io/login and follow the steps mentioned or you can follow the video tutorial.

Crypto to Bank:

Selects a token from the drop down box listing the available tokens in the wallet
Specify the amount of token to be off ramped into EUR
Specify the bank details including Name, IBAN, BIC and Note (optional)
Verify the quote and sign a transaction to execute the transfer
Example: ETH on mainnet to EUR
1. ETH is swapped for USDC on mainnet by Li.Fi
2. USDC on mainnet is bridged to USDC on Gnosis Chain by Li.Fi
3. USDC on Gnosis Chain is swapped to EURe on Gnosis Chain by Li.Fi
4. EURe on Gnosis Chain is burnt by Monerium
5. EUR is deposited in specified IBAN by Monerium

Bank to Crypto:

Select the ERC20 token the user wishes to on ramp to
Specify the amount of EUR to be exchanged or ERC20 token required
Verify the quote and EUR required for the whole process to function
Start the process
Send EUR to Monerium IBAN
Execute the on chain transaction
Example: EUR to ETH on mainnet
1. Send EUR to Monerium IBAN
2. Monerium mints EURe to the user wallet on Gnosis Chain
3. uRamp prompts user to sign Li.Fi transaction (if quote is still valid and balance has increased)
4. EURe on Gnosis Chain is swapped to USDC on Gnosis Chain by Li.Fi
5. USDC on Gnosis Chain is bridged to USDC on mainnet by Li.Fi
6. USDC is swapped for ETH on mainnet by Li.Fi

// File: about/communication

News

Community

Support

Events and Press

Gnosis Chain Media Kit

Careers

Gnosis Chain Careers

// File: about/networks/README

Networks

Networks summary

Network Name	Gnosis (mainnet)	Chiado (testnet)
Native (fee) token	xDAI	Chiado xDAI
Chain ID	100	10200
EL RPC	https://rpc.gnosischain.com	https://rpc.chiadochain.net
EL Explorer	https://gnosisscan.io	https://blockscout.com/gnosis/chiado
CL Explorer	https://beaconchain.gnosischain.com/	https://beacon.chiadochain.net
Fork monitor	https://forkmon.gnosischain.com	https://forkmon.chiadochain.net
EthStats	https://ethstats.gnosischain.com	https://ethstats.chiadochain.net
Faucet	https://faucet.gnosischain.com/	https://faucet.chiadochain.net/

// File: about/networks/chiado

Chiado (Testnet)

Add to MetaMask

Chiado Train Station Image: Trams in Lisbon (credit: Lisa Fotios)

Overview

Purpose

Chiado is a Gnosis testnet that was launched in October 2022
Chiado's primary purpose is to be a long-lived testnet with tooling for developers
Chiado's secondary purpose was to test "The Merge", Gnosis' transition from Proof-of-Authority to the Beacon Chain.
Chiado is named after the Chiado metro station in Lisbon, Portugal.

Validators

Chiado is optimized for testnet stability for developers, and has a semi-permissioned validator set similar to Ethereum's Sepolia testnet
Chiado is not intended for broad public validator participation, as frequent cycling of validators affect Testnet stability and make it unreliable for developers (e.g. Ethereum's Prater testnet)
Chiado validators are run by core contributor teams at Nethermind, Gateway and Gnosis (and possibly more in the future)
6,000 validator keys were defined in the genesis of Chiado Beacon Chain for Gateway, Nethermind and Gnosis to run as validators

Public Participation

Community members can still run a full node and go through the Chiado merge as it happens
1,000 Testnet GNO on Chiado may be available in the future for community public validator participation
Community participation will be limited to 14% of the Chiado Network to ensure network stability
1 Testnet GNO is required to run a validator, similar to Gnosis mainnet
Requests for Chiado participation keys can be made in the #chiado-testnet channel in Discord

How to Participate

Running a Chiado node with Nethermind Sedge
(Here by Dragons): If you can get your hands on Testnet GNO on Chiado, you will need to interact with the deposit contract programmatically, or deploy your own Deposit UI with the updated config files

Summary

Key Infra

Network Name	Chiado
Native (fee) token	Testnet xDai on Chiado
Staking token	Testnet GNO on Chiado
Chain ID	10200
Execution Layer RPC (archive)	https://rpc.chiado.gnosis.gateway.fm
Execution Layer RPC	https://rpc.chiadochain.net
Execution Layer RPC (WS)	wss://rpc.chiadochain.net/wss
Execution Layer Explorer	https://gnosis-chiado.blockscout.com/
Consensus Layer Explorer	https://beacon.chiadochain.net
Beacon Checkpoint Sync	https://checkpoint.chiadochain.net
Fork monitor	https://forkmon.chiadochain.net
EthStats	https://ethstats.chiadochain.net
Faucet	https://faucet.chiadochain.net/

Key Parameters

Param	Value
Slot Time	5s
Epoch	16 slots
Finalization Time	2.7 min
Staking Deposit	1 Testnet GNO on Chiado

Native Tokens

Fee Token

Name: Testnet xDai on Chiado
Type: Native Asset

You can find a list of contract addresses for Chiado tokens in the Useful Addresses page.

Network Config

Config Repo

Gnosis maintains a Configs Repo that is the canonical source for Gnosis Chain networks.

Consensus Layer

Execution Layer

DApps

DApp
Uniswap	TBD
Chainlink	TBD

Previous Iterations

Chiado 0.2

Chiado was previously launched with network ID 100100. Soon after launch, the network entered a forked state. The root causes were identified and fixed as part of the Chiado relaunch.

Appendix

[1]: See Github Issue on Testnet GNO on Chiado Staking Contracts

[2]: See Github Issue on Goerli-Chiado Bridge Deployment

// File: about/networks/mainnet

Gnosis (Mainnet)

Add to MetaMask

Summary

Network Name	Gnosis
Native (fee) token	xDai
Staking token	GNO
Chain ID	100

Key Infra

Execution Layer

Execution Layer
Execution Layer RPC	https://rpc.gnosis.gateway.fm
Execution Layer RPC	https://rpc.gnosischain.com
More RPC endpoints	RPC Providers
Execution Layer Explorer	https://gnosisscan.io
Execution Layer Explorer	https://gnosis.blockscout.com/
Fork monitor	https://forkmon.gnosischain.com
EthStats	https://ethstats.gnosischain.com
Forked Blocks	https://gnosis.blockscout.com/reorgs
Faucet	https://gnosisfaucet.com

Consensus Layer

Consensus Layer
Consensus Layer RPC	https://rpc-gbc.gnosischain.com
Beacon Explorer	https://beaconchain.gnosischain.com/
Beacon Explorer Backup 1	https://beacon-v1.gnosischain.com
Beacon Explorer Backup 2	https://beacon-v2.gnosischain.com
Beacon Checkpoint Sync	https://checkpoint.gnosischain.com
Beacon Checkpoint Sync	https://checkpoint-sync-gnosis.dappnode.io/

Other Tools

Other Tools
GnosisPools.info	https://gnosispools.info
D14N Info	https://d14n.info/
Bordel	https://bordel.wtf/
More tools	Tools

Key Parameters

Param	Value
Slot Time	5s
Epoch	16 slots
Finalization Time	2.7 min
Staking Deposit	1 GNO

Native Tokens

Fee Token: xDai
Staking Token: GNO

You can find a list of contract addresses for Gnosis Mainnet tokens in the Useful Addresses page.

Network Config

Config Repo

Gnosis maintains a Configs Repo that is the canonical source for Gnosis Chain networks.

Key Contracts

// File: about/networks/optimism

Optimism on Gnosis

:::danger DEPRECATED Optimism on Gnosis was deprecated on March 2023. We keep this page for reference. Do NOT deposit funds, they will not be withdrawable. :::

An Optimism implementation is deployed on Gnosis. Gnosis functions as the L1 (akin to Ethereum) and Optimism on Gnosis as the L2.

Deployment processes are similar to using Optimism with Ethereum with updated configs to match the Gnosis chain setup.

Parameter	Value
Network Name	Optimism on Gnosis
Chain ID	300

Make a Deposit

:::danger DEPRECATED NETWORK! Do NOT deposit funds, they will not be withdrawable. :::

Deposits are initiated through the Proxy__OVM_L1StandardBridge contract on the Gnosis Chain with the depositETH method and the following inputs:

_l2Gas: 200000
data: 0x
value: Deposit value in xDai (ie. 0.1 = 0.1 xDai)

:::info Some smart contract wallets are blocked from calling the depositETH (and depositERC20) methods. If you want to deposit using a smart contract wallet you can use the depositETHTo function instead. :::

Go to https://gnosis.blockscout.com/address/0x184a119d4C1D08A459FCfBFe7ECc051c163B4c80/write-proxy
Connect a web3 wallet like MetaMask that contains some xDai for funding and gas fees.

Scroll down to the depositETH method and enter the following:

_l2Gas: 200000
_data: 0x
value: Deposit value in xDai
Click Write and complete the transaction with your wallet.

:::info It may take several minutes for the deposit to be processed and the balance to update on the Optimism on GC Chain. :::

L1 Contract Addresses

Additional Info related to specific contracts is available here.

Contract	Address
BondManager	0x730fE4431a00286Ff8dc7E9B03c661E63Ef05121
CanonicalTransactionChain	0x636434F59e52D50423bD8272FEB3B2bff5dF586b
ChainStorageContainer-CTC-batches	0xEc64fee4f95E48A3BAd799A5912F183d222086A8
ChainStorageContainer-SCC-batches	0x26EbaD990cC56ef36166d1C4114CEF25F024b75D
ChugSplashDictator	0x77fAf5Aa4EB7874a676F773fc308e0FD8e9400f7
ERC1820Registry	x1820a4B7618BdE71Dce8cdc73aAB6C95905faD24
L1StandardBridge	0x3804bA4ecC886AAe91A6D57dE880616E17C8269C
OVM_L1CrossDomainMessenger	0x6A52b1dbE0293F1ba1bc136b0f8C8f0395F940b9
OVM_Proposer	0xE57cfefE4B7EddE88af28d4ffB3BD63b272f578A
OVM_Sequencer	0xFDCa025dB7368A84deeCc0d82598eB90638D52DF
Proxy__OVM_L1CrossDomainMessenger	0x4324fdD26161457f4BCc1ABDA87709d3Be8Fd10E
Proxy__OVM_L1StandardBridge	0x184a119d4C1D08A459FCfBFe7ECc051c163B4c80
StateCommitmentChain	0xbAE5EA90F4A1dFBC1b0D145453f371E06287a6D8

L2 Contract Addresses

Optimism L2 contracts can be explored at https://blockscout.com/xdai/optimism
Additional Info related to specific contracts is available here.
Summaries for relevant predeploys here.

Contract	Address
OVM_L2ToL1MessagePasser	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000000
OVM_L1MessageSender	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000001
OVM_DeployerWhitelist	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000002
OVM_ECDSAContractAccount	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000003
OVM_SequencerEntrypoint	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000005
OVM_ETH	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000006
OVM_L2CrossDomainMessenger	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000007
Lib_AddressManager	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000008
OVM_ProxyEOA	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000009
OVM_L2StandardBridge	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000010
OVM_SequencerFeeVault	0x4200000000000000000000000000000000000011
OVM_ExecutionManagerWrapper	0x420000000000000000000000000000000000000B
OVM_GasPriceOracle	0x420000000000000000000000000000000000000F

Graph Protocol

When starting the graph-node the network key is: optimism

// File: about/specs/README

Gnosis Specifications

General Information

Property
Block Size	30M gas units
Block Speed	5 seconds
Gas price	check gas price oracle
Patchset	Cancun
Fee Token	xDai
Consensus Token	GNO
Chain ID (Gnosis)	100 (hexa 0x64)
Chain ID (Chiado Testnet)	10200 (hexa 0x27D8)

Chain spec files: https://github.com/gnosischain/configs/blob/main/mainnet/config.yaml
Bootnodes: https://github.com/gnosischain/configs/blob/main/mainnet/bootnodes.yaml

// File: about/specs/bug-bounty

Bug Bounty

Immunefi Bug Bounty

Bounties are an important tool for testing and enhancing application and contract security. We appreciate the skilled hackers and programmers within the community and believe in rewarding those working to protect and strengthen the ecosystem. Working in partnership with Immunefi, we will be releasing additional bounties in the near future, and invite the community to help identify any possible exploits we may have missed.

Security is the #1 priority of the Gnosis team. This bounty program is not being enacted in response to any known exploits, we are proactively implementing to ensure safety and soundness of our applications and protect users and their funds.

There is one ongoing bug bounty program: Bridges bug bounty.

Each bug bounty program requires different assets in scope and both offer rewards determined by thread level.

Bridge(Omnibridge, xDAI Bridge) Bounty

Asset in scope

All smart contract bug from Gnosis Chain Bridges includes ETH-xDAI Omnibridge, xDAI bridge.

Type	Target
Smart Contract - DAI-xDAI TokenBridge contract on the Ethereum Mainnet	https://etherscan.io/address/0x4aa42145Aa6Ebf72e164C9bBC74fbD3788045016
Smart Contract - DAI-xDAI OmniBridge contract on the Gnosis chain	https://gnosis.blockscout.com/address/0x7301CFA0e1756B71869E93d4e4Dca5c7d0eb0AA6
Smart Contract - ETH-xDAI OmniBridge contract on the Ethereum Mainnet	https://etherscan.io/address/0x88ad09518695c6c3712AC10a214bE5109a655671
Smart Contract - ETH-xDAI OmniBridge contract on the Gnosis chain	https://gnosis.blockscout.com/address/0xf6A78083ca3e2a662D6dd1703c939c8aCE2e268d

Reward by Thread level

The quantity of rewards awarded are based on the Immunefi Vulnerability Severity Classification System V2.2.

All smart contract bug reports must come with a PoC with an end-effect impacting an asset-in-scope in order to be considered for a reward.

Only the following smart contract impacts are accepted within this bug bounty program:

Smart Contract Impact	Reward
Critical*	Up to USD 2,000,000
High	USD $10,000
Medium	USD $1,000

*All Critical smart contract vulnerabilities are further capped at 10% of economic damage, primarily taking into consideration the funds at risk. However, there is a minimum reward of USD 50 000.

Payouts are handled by the Gnosis Chain team directly and are denominated in USD. However, payouts are done in USDT for payments up to USD 100 000. All remaining rewards are paid in USDC or xDAI.

Out of scope & Rules

The following vulnerabilities are excluded from the rewards for this bug bounty program:

Attacks that the reporter has already exploited themselves, leading to damage
Attacks requiring access to leaked keys/credentials
Attacks requiring access to privileged addresses (governance, strategist)
Incorrect data supplied by third party oracles
- Not to exclude oracle manipulation/flash loan attacks
Basic economic governance attacks (e.g. 51% attack)
Lack of liquidity
Best practice critiques
Sybil attacks

The following activities are prohibited by bug bounty program:

Any testing with mainnet or public testnet contracts; all testing should be done on private testnets
Any testing with pricing oracles or third party smart contracts
Attempting phishing or other social engineering attacks against our employees and/or customers
Any testing with third party systems and applications (e.g. browser extensions) as well as websites (e.g. SSO providers, advertising networks)
Any denial of service attacks
Automated testing of services that generates significant amounts of traffic
Public disclosure of an unpatched vulnerability in an embargoed bounty

Please visit Immunefi bounty page for more details.

More info -> https://medium.com/immunefi/xdai-stake-hosts-2-000-000-bug-bounty-on-immunefi-3760e0687616

What’s next?

Submit a bug
Any questions about the program? Reach out to us in our Discord channel!

FAQ

Is the bug bounty program time limited?
No.
How to submit a bug on Immunefi?
https://medium.com/immunefi/a-hackers-guide-to-submitting-bugs-on-immunefi-1e6b7ada71a9

// File: about/specs/consensus/README

The Merge

Gnosis, as a closely-related fork of Ethereum, underwent a “Merge” hardfork similar to that of Ethereum. The hardfork replaced Gnosis’ former “proof-of-authority” consensus with the “proof-of-stake” system as it merged with the Gnosis Beacon Chain.

This hardfork is a critical one for Gnosis in its move towards parity with Ethereum, crucial for Gnosis’ future roadmap as an experimental playground for Ethereum features.

This change is also significant as Gnosis now is similar to Ethereum in being fully permissionless now, with the deprecation of previous “proof-of-authority” features.

You can read more on the Ethereum merge here: https://ethereum.org/en/upgrades/merge/.

How will this affect me?

Users

You do not need to do anything. Your funds remain as-is during the transition. There were NOT any new token issued before, during or after the Merge. The $GNO token continues to be used for staking, while the $xDai token is used as the native gas token.

:::danger scammer alert Please be vigilant of scammers who may use this occasion to launch scam tokens, or phish for seed phrases.
:::

Developers

Gnosis' “Merge” is near 1:1 to the Ethereum Merge in its impact on developers.

For a full understanding of the changes, please read “How The Merge Impacts Ethereum’s Application Layer”.

At a high level, the Merge resulted in the following changes:

BLOCKHASH opcode is mostly deprecated
DIFFICULTY opcode returns output of randomness beacon
Block structure contains more proof-of-stake fields, zeros out proof-of-work fields
Block time is reduced to ~5s from ~6s
Block finalization is tracked via safe head and finalized blocks.

Deprecation of AuRa RANDAO

The Merge result in the deprecation of the legacy AuRa RANDAO random number generator, as part of the larger deprecation of AuRa consensus.

In its place, developers are advised to move to the Beacon Chain’s Randomness, which implements EIP-4399. Please note that this randomness is still biasable, and take precautions.

EIP-4399 explains the process for developers to switch over to the new Beacon Chain Randomness, which can be accessed via the DIFFICULTY opcode.

Additionally, changes proposed by this EIP allow for smart contracts to determine whether the upgrade to the PoS has already happened. This can be done by analyzing the return value of the DIFFICULTY opcode. A value greater than 2**64 indicates that the transaction is being executed in the PoS block.

Node runners

You must run a consensus client alongside your existing execution client. Not doing so will cause your node to fork and not follow the right chain. Node operators can also check out the Merge Readiness Checklist on the Staking Launchpad for more information, as many of the details apply to all node operators.

Stakers

You must run an execution client alongside your existing consensus client. Not doing so will cause your node to fork and not follow the right chain. You must set a fee recipient address to receive your earned transaction fee tips/MEV. Stakers are encouraged to follow the Merge Readiness Checklist from the Staking Launchpad to ensure readiness for The Merge.

More info

Pre-merge consensus articles

POSDAO
AURA

// File: about/specs/consensus/aura

AuRa with POSDAO Consensus

:::caution The merge Gnosis transitioned to PoS using the GNO Token, this page defines the pre-merge consensus model. Learn more about The Merge. :::

Consensus refers to the agreement process between nodes in a network. The nodes must agree on which transactions to include in the next block on the chain before these transactions are committed.

There are 2 aspects to the process - the actual consensus mechanism to add transactions to blocks, and sybil protection, which prevents malicious actors.

Gnosis currently uses Parity's AuRa (Authority Round) proof-of-authority consensus model to append blocks to Gnosis. In this model, selected validators (selected through the POSDAO dPOS process) take turns signing blocks. A signed block is broadcast to all validators, and if the majority agree it is valid, it is added to the chain. A new block is added every 5 seconds, regardless of whether any transactions occurred during that time. Note: POSDAO offers a pluggable consensus feature, so different or additional consensus processes may be added in the future.

Gnosis uses delegated Proof of Stake to provide sybil protection. Validators and delegators must add GNO to the protocol. If the nodes participate as expected, they receive additional GNO rewards. If they engage in malicious behavior (like not revealing random numbers) the validator is banned and their GNO (and delegators GNO) is frozen. These behavioral rewards act as incentives to promote an honest group of validators participating in consensus.

Learn more in the Whitepaper

View current Gnosis validator pools in the BlockScout Staking Application.

:::info Finality delay A minimum of n_v/2 + 1 validations being required, with n_v the number of validators. At least 2(n_v/2 + 1) = n_v + 2 message round trips are therefore necessary before a block is finalized by all validators. In the worst case, after exactly n_v validations, the delay will instead be of 2n_v + 2. For Gnosis running with 19 validators, this is the equivalent of 40 blocks. :::

:::success Additional Information on AuRa :::

// File: about/specs/consensus/posdao

POSDAO

:::caution The merge Gnosis transitioned to PoS using the GNO Token, this page defines the pre-merge consensus model. Learn more about The Merge. :::

Proof of Stake Decentralized Autonomous Organization

POSDAO describes the pre-merge validator selection method for the Gnosis Chain. Validators provide consensus for Gnosis Chain transactions. This method was deprecated immediately following the merge when the Gnosis Beacon Chain became the consensus layer engine.

Validators are selected based on the amount of GNO they place into the protocol along with an on-chain RNG. The validator set is capped at 19, and validator candidates need to place minimums of 2K GNO (current minimum) and setup a valid node to be eligible for participation. In addition, public delegators can place GNO on candidates, increasing their chances of becoming validators in the next set. The validator set can change weekly based on the number of eligible validators and their staking amounts.

:::success POSDAO Contract Implementation Addresses :::

:::info Prior to Public POSDAO, Permissioned POSDAO was used nominated validators to sign blocks. Gnosis transitioned to public POSDAO in December, 2020. :::

Whitepaper

Barinov, I., Arasev, V., Fackler, A., Komendantskiy, V., Gross, A., Kolotov, A. and Isakova, D. POSDAO: Proof of Stake Decentralized Autonomous Organization (April 29, 2019). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3368483 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3368483

:::success Summary and PDF version of the latest whitepaper version :::

// File: about/specs/consensus/proof-of-stake

Proof of Stake (PoS)

Proof of Stake (PoS) is a consensus mechanism utilized in blockchain networks to establish network consensus and authenticate transactions. In PoS, participants are chosen to create new blocks and validate transactions based on the number of coins they hold or "stake." The more coins one possesses, the greater their likelihood of selection. PoS depends on participants having a financial stake in the network, rather than energy-intensive computations.

Proof of Stake is necessary due to its numerous advantages over other consensus mechanisms. Firstly, it is more energy-efficient than methods like Proof of Work, which demand substantial computational power, thus reducing the environmental impact of blockchain networks. Secondly, PoS fosters decentralization by allowing anyone with a stake in the network to partake in block validation, preventing power concentration among a few participants.

The benefits of Proof of Stake encompass enhanced energy efficiency, scalability, and security. PoS consumes less energy than PoW, rendering it more sustainable. It also provides improved scalability, as it is not constrained by increasing computational power. PoS bolsters security by offering economic incentives for participants to act honestly. Validators face the risk of losing their staked coins if they engage in malicious activities, deterring fraud and ensuring the network's integrity.

Gasper:

Gasper is a hybrid consensus mechanism that merges the best features of Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Work (PoW) to establish a secure and efficient consensus protocol for blockchain networks. In Gasper, participants not only stake their coins but also solve cryptographic puzzles to authenticate transactions and generate new blocks.

By addressing the limitations of individual consensus mechanisms, Gasper achieves a balance between security and efficiency. It mitigates the risk of attacks by necessitating the solving of cryptographic puzzles, making it harder for malicious actors to exploit the network. Furthermore, Gasper employs staking to ensure that even participants with smaller stakes have an opportunity to validate transactions, fostering decentralization.

Gasper provides several advantages over traditional consensus mechanisms. First, it heightens security by obligating participants to solve puzzles in addition to staking their coins, making it more difficult for attackers to breach the network. Second, Gasper is more energy-efficient than PoW, as it doesn't rely solely on computational power, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with mining. Lastly, Gasper ensures fair and democratic participation by enabling participants with various stake sizes to contribute to the consensus process.

Weak Subjectivity:

Weak subjectivity is a concept in blockchain networks that enables participants with a minimal stake to partake in block validation and consensus processes. This ensures that consensus decisions are not exclusively controlled by participants with substantial stakes.

Maintaining decentralization in blockchain networks is vital, and weak subjectivity plays a crucial role in achieving this. If only participants with large stakes were involved in consensus, it would result in a more centralized system and potential power imbalances. Weak subjectivity promotes inclusivity, allowing a diverse range of participants to contribute to the network's decision-making process.

By fostering decentralization, weak subjectivity allows participants with smaller stakes to validate transactions and engage in consensus processes. This democratic approach ensures that decisions are not dictated by a select few with significant stakes. Encouraging broader participation, weak subjectivity enhances the network's resilience and cultivates a more diverse and robust ecosystem.

// File: about/specs/deposit-contracts

Deposit Contracts

The Deposit contracts allow to deposit ERC20 tokens to Gnosis Chain and withdraw them back to Ethereum mainnet.

The Deposit contracts on mainnet and Gnosis Chain are almost identical. However, Gnosis Chain users need to manually call the claimWithdrawal(address) or claimWithdrawals(addresses) method to withdraw the tokens/rewards back, whereas on Ethereum mainnet that's done automatically.

The main issue is that GNO is an ERC20 token and it must emit Transfer events as per EIP-20, which Gnosis Chain cannot do with system transactions at the moment. That's why it's required to call a normal transaction to claim GNO tokens. The alternative would be very complex and diverge from Ethereum on the EL side.

The main withdrawal methods look as follows:

/**
  * @dev Claim withdrawal amount for an address
  * @param _address Address to transfer withdrawable tokens
  */
function claimWithdrawal(address _address) public {
    uint256 amount = withdrawableAmount[_address];
    if (amount > 0) {
        withdrawableAmount[_address] = 0;
        stake_token.safeTransfer(_address, amount);
    }
}
/**
  * @dev Claim withdrawal amounts for an array of addresses
  * @param _addresses Addresses to transfer withdrawable tokens
  */
function claimWithdrawals(address[] calldata _addresses) external {
    for (uint256 i = 0; i < _addresses.length; ++i) {
        claimWithdrawal(_addresses[i]);
    }
}

You can find a full list of contract differences on Github:

// File: about/specs/gbc/README

Contracts, Addresses, Parameters

Contracts & Token Addresses

:::caution DO NOT send funds directly to the GBC Deposit Contract. To stake on GBC, follow the Validator instructions starting with Validator Requirements and Responsibilities. :::

Contract	Address
GBC Deposit Contract	0x0B98057eA310F4d31F2a452B414647007d1645d9
GNO-> mGNO contract	0x647507A70Ff598F386CB96ae5046486389368C66
GNO token on Gnosis	0x9C58BAcC331c9aa871AFD802DB6379a98e80CEdb

Initial Parameters (subject to change)

Variable	Value
Staking amount	32 mGNO (equivalent to 1 GNO)
Block time	5 seconds
Validator slots per epoch	16 (with further reduction possible, N > 1 honest proposer/epoch as per V. Buterin)
Validators per slot	128 (see more on minimum committee size)
Epoch time	80 seconds
Slashing	Reductions to 16 mGNO, then removal
Clients	Prysm, Lighthouse
Custom Deposit Contract	mGNO deposit (ERC20 enabled)UpgradeableClaiming on accidental locksCustom network keys generation (deposit-cli)
Explorer	Modified beaconchain explorer🔍 beacon.gnosischain.com
RPC	https://rpc-gbc.gnosischain.com
Launch MVP	4096 validators131,072 mGNO 83% APY
Security Goal Prior to Merge	50K+ validators1.6M+ mGNO23% APY

// File: about/specs/gbc/upgradeability

Upgradeability

One differentiator for the Gnosis Beacon Chain relative to the Ethereum Beacon chain is the ability to upgrade contracts. A proxy pattern allows for this functionality, which can be extremely useful if an update is required (a bug is found, new functionality added etc).

However, this also introduces issues of administrative responsibility. No one entity should solely control contract updates.

A multi-sig Gnosis Safe is used to expand admin responsibilities to a larger entity. The controlling assembly is a Governance Board consisting of known and active projects who have contributed to the Gnosis and Ethereum community for some time.

A proposed upgrade is presented to this board and a minimum of 7 signatures are required to enact any proposal. c Governance Board Members

Contracts managed by the Governance Board

Deposit Contract: 0x0B98057eA310F4d31F2a452B414647007d1645d9

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/1604400

#1604400 - 2019-01-11

:::caution Archived page Check the latest hard fork and update your node :::

Info

Network: xDai (now Gnosis)
Date: 2019-01-11
Block number: 1604400

Description

This update introduces Constantinople fork at block 1604400 in xDai network.

Solution

Update Parity node to 2.2.5-beta using the guide.
Update poa-chain-spec/spec.json - add Constantinople's transitions to engine.params section. See spec.json update.
Organize the HF on block 1604400.

Verify

grep -n -A2 1604400 spec.json

You should see:

34:    "eip145Transition": 1604400,
35:    "eip1014Transition": 1604400,
36:    "eip1052Transition": 1604400,
37:    "eip1283Transition": 1604400,
38-    "registrar": "0x1ec97dc137f5168af053c24460a1200502e1a9d2"
39-  },

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/16101500

#16101500 - 2021-05-17

:::caution Archived page Check the latest hard fork and update your node :::

Network: xDai (now Gnosis)
Date: 2021-05-17
Block number: 16101500

Client Updates

OpenEthereum

Please update to v3.2.5 which contains Berlin hard fork transition and the new enodes: https://github.com/openethereum/openethereum/releases/tag/v3.2.5

Perform a DB migration if your run OE version < v3.2.0

If your node works on an old version of Parity, you need to convert node's DB to the format compatible with OpenEthereum v3.2.x. You can use this tool https://github.com/openethereum/3.1-db-upgrade-tool

Nethermind

Please update to v1.10.67 which contains Berlin hard fork transition. More on Nethermind.

Description: Berlin HF

EIP-2565 (ModExp Gas Cost) Allows RSA signature verification.
EIP-2929 (Gas cost increases for state access opcodes) Algorithm for calculating gas costs. Costs increase for SLOAD, CALL, BALANCE, EXT and SELFDESTRUCT for the first time. Adds resilience for DoS attacks.
EIP-2718 (Typed Transaction Envelope) Implements a new transaction type that supports multiple transactions.
EIP-2930 (Optional access lists) Lst of addresses and storage keys a transaction will access, resulting in easier processing and reduced gas usage.

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/19040000

#19040000 - 2021-11-12

:::caution Archived page Check the latest hard fork and update your node :::

Network: Gnosis
~Date: 2021-11-12
Block number: 19,040,000

Client Updates

OpenEthereum

Please update to v3.3.0 RC 15 which contains the London hard fork transition.

:::info Most node operators use the --chain=xdai flag when running a node. In this case, you will only need to update the client. If you use a local spec.json file, you will need to upgrade to this version before restarting your node with the updated OE version. :::

Set docker image in docker-compose.yml to

image: openethereum/openethereum:v3.3.0-rc.15
Restart your node

docker-compose down

docker-compose up -d
There may be an additional instruction related to a variable update following the HF.

Nethermind

Upgrade to version v1.11.7. This is the latest Nethermind release.

Set docker image as image: nethermind/nethermind:latest
docker pull nethermind/nethermind:latest

docker-compose down

docker-compose up -d

Description: London HF

Applicable updates

EIP-1559 – reconfigures fees to include BASEFEE. Block size increase to 34M. See 1559 on Gnosis for more info
EIP-3198 – returns the BASEFEE from a block
EIP-3529 - reduces gas refunds for EVM operations
EIP-3541 - prevents deploying contracts starting with 0xEF

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/21735000

#21735000 - 2022-04-20

In response to the community sentiment overwhelming favoring GIP-31 a hardfork has been proposed for Gnosis. Node operators can now update their OpenEthereum or Nethermind nodes in preparation.

Network: Gnosis
Block number: 21,735,000
Completed: 20 April 2022

Client Update Instructions

:::info Instructions below are for standard node updates. For archive nodes running Nethermind, please see note below. :::

OpenEthereum

Please update to v3.3.5 which contains the hard fork transition.

Set docker image in docker-compose.yml to

image: openethereum/openethereum:v3.3.5
Restart your node

docker-compose down

docker-compose up -d

Nethermind

Upgrade to version v1.12.7.

Set docker image as image: nethermind/nethermind:1.12.7
docker pull nethermind/nethermind:1.12.7

docker-compose down

docker-compose up -d

Archive nodes running Nethermind

:::danger Nethermind v1.12.5+ turns on memory pruning by default. You will need to disable pruning in the config file when running an archive node.

Set the following variable NETHERMIND_PRUNINGCONFIG_MODE: "None" :::

Code Updates: Token Contract Bytecode

OpenEthereum: Support new hardfork (#619, #633)
Nethermind: [Gnosis/POSDAO] Support new hardfork (#3889, #3930)

This HF replaces the bytecode in the permitable token contract. Tokens bridged using the previous implementation were susceptible to re-entrancy when combined with protocols that did not guard against these types of attacks. The HF will increase bridged token security for protocols on Gnosis. More information is available in the Gnosis Forum GIP-31 post.

Previous permitable token contract bytecode

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

New permitable token contract bytecode

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

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/2508800

#2508800 - 2019-03-06

:::caution Archived page Check the latest hard fork and update your node :::

Info

Network: xDai (now Gnosis)
Date: 2019-03-06
Block number: 2508800

Description

This update disables Constantinople EIP-1283 at block 2508800 in xDai network.

Solution

Update Parity node to 2.3.2-beta using this guide.
Update poa-chain-spec/spec.json - add eip1283DisableTransition to engine.params section. See Update spec.json
Organize the HF on block 2508800.

Verify

grep -n -A2 2508800 spec.json

You should see:

38:    "eip1283DisableTransition": 2508800,
39-    "registrar": "0x1ec97dc137f5168af053c24460a1200502e1a9d2"
40-  },

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/7298030

#7298030 - 2019-12-12

:::caution Archived page Check the latest hard fork and update your node :::

Network: xDai (now Gnosis)
Date: 2019-12-12
Block number: 7298030

Description: Istanbul Upgrade

eip1283ReenableTransition
eip1344Transition
eip1706Transition
eip1884Transition
eip2028Transition

Perform Updates

You must update spec.json and Parity node to version 2.6.5 as the spec format was changed. Use this guide to upgrade.
Organize the HF on block 7298030

Verify

Once your update is complete, verify the HF block number:

grep -n -A2 7298030 spec.json

You should see:

39:    "eip1283ReenableTransition": 7298030,
40:    "eip1344Transition": 7298030,
41:    "eip1706Transition": 7298030,
42:    "eip1884Transition": 7298030,
43:    "eip2028Transition": 7298030,
44-    "registrar": "0x1ec97dc137f5168af053c24460a1200502e1a9d2"
45-  },
--
82:          "7298030": {
83-            "info": "Istanbul HF",
84-            "price": {
--
104:          "7298030": {
105-            "info": "Istanbul HF",
106-            "price": {
--
127:          "7298030": {
128-            "info": "Istanbul HF",
129-            "price": {
--
143:          "7298030": {
144-            "info": "Istanbul HF",
145-            "price": {

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/9186425

#9186425 - 2020-04-01

:::caution Archived page Check the latest hard fork and update your node :::

Network: xDai (now Gnosis)
Date: 2020-04-01
Block number: 9186425

Description: POSDAO Activation

new ValidatorSet contract
blockRewardContractTransitions
randomnessContractAddress
posdaoTransition
new Registry contract
transactionPermissionContract

Perform Updates

You must update spec.json and Parity node to version 2.7.2-posdao-stable. Use this guide to upgrade.
Organize the HF on block 9186425

Verify

Once your update is complete, verify the HF block number:

grep -n -A2 9186425 spec.json

You should see:

20:            "9186425": {
21-              "contract": "0xB87BE9f7196F2AE084Ca1DE6af5264292976e013"
22-            }
--
28:          "9186425": "0x481c034c6d9441db23Ea48De68BCAe812C5d39bA"
29-        },
30-        "randomnessContractAddress": {
--
31:          "9186425": "0x5870b0527DeDB1cFBD9534343Feda1a41Ce47766"
32-        },
33:        "posdaoTransition": 9186425
34-      }
35-    }
--
58:    "transactionPermissionContractTransition": 9186425
59-  },
60-  "genesis": {

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/README

Hard Forks

:::danger Hard forks are backward-incompatible upgrades used to introduce new functionality or fix security related issues. They are backward-incompatible upgrades, requiring all nodes to upgrade to the latest version to avoid syncing to a pre-fork blockchain.

Validators will receive instructions to update their nodes in the event of a hard fork. :::

Information related to a hard fork will be posted. If any assistance is needed, feel free to reach out or ask questions through Discord, the forum or other channels.

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/dencun

What is Dencun hardfork?

Dencun hardfork activates all EIPs also activated on Ethereum mainnet. The table below lists differences if any.

EIP	Scope
EIP-1153: Transient storage opcodes	EL	Not modified
EIP-4788: Beacon block root in the EVM	CL, EL	Not modified, same addresses as Ethereum
EIP-4844: Shard Blob Transactions	CL, EL	Constants maybe modified from Ethereum (* )
EIP-5656: MCOPY - Memory copying instruction	EL	Not modified
EIP-6780: SELFDESTRUCT only in same transaction	EL	Not modified
EIP-7044: Perpetually Valid Signed Voluntary Exits	CL	Not modified
EIP-7045: Increase max attestation inclusion slot	CL	Not modified
EIP-7514: Add Max Epoch Churn Limit	CL	Constants maybe modified from Ethereum (* )
EIP-7516: BLOBBASEFEE opcode	EL	Not modified

* See Differences with Ethereum mainnet

Note: The trusted setup required for deneb's cryptography is the same as defined in Ethereum's consensus spec release v1.4.0, which can be found here.

Differences with Ethereum mainnet

EIP-4844

Gnosis chain has slots significantly faster than Ethereum. Bigger blocks could have a higher cost to the network than Ethereum so we may price blobs differently. Ethereum mainnet has chosen a target of 3 blobs from real live experiments on mainnet with big blocks. Consequently this parameters may not be adequate.

Gnosis chain has significantly cheaper fees than mainnet, so blob spam is a concern. Ethereum's MIN_BLOB_GASPRICE makes blob space free (1e-18 USD / blob) if usage is under the target for a sustained period of time. The same concern applies to Ethereum, but consensus is that choosing a specific value that may apply to only some market conditions and not others. Given that Gnosis native token is a stable coin, this concerns are mitigated. Given usage under target for regular txs and blob data, setting min blob gas price to 1 GWei reduces the cost per byte by a factor of 16.

Constant	Value
MIN_BLOB_GASPRICE	1000000000
TARGET_BLOB_GAS_PER_BLOCK	131072
MAX_BLOB_GAS_PER_BLOCK	262144
BLOB_GASPRICE_UPDATE_FRACTION	1112826

EIP-7514

Gnosis chain has both a lower CHURN_LIMIT_QUOTIENT and faster epoch times. A MAX_PER_EPOCH_ACTIVATION_CHURN_LIMIT value of 2 provides a good trade-off to:

Limit max state growth in the next year to 1M validators
Increase the minimum time for a 2/3 malicious take-over to 150 days at current validator set sizes
Allow validator set growth to prevent long queues unless there's exceptional demand

Constant	Value
MAX_PER_EPOCH_ACTIVATION_CHURN_LIMIT	2

Upgrade Schedule

Network	Timestamp	Date & Time (UTC)	Fork Hash	Beacon Chain Epoch
Chiado	1706724940	Wed Jan 31 2024 18:15:40 GMT+0000	0x5fbc16bc	516608
Mainnet	1710181820	Monday March 11 202418:30:20 +UTC	0x1384dfc1	889856

How to Prepare

For Validators

Update your clients:

Execution Layer

✅ NethermindEth v1.25.4+
✅ ErigonEth v2.58.0+

Consensus Layer

✅ Lighthouse v5.0.0+
✅ Teku v24.2.0+
✅ Nimbus v24.2.1+
✅ Lodestar v1.16.0+

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/eip-1559

EIP-1559

When EIP-1559

:::success EIP-1559 is live on Gnosis.

Network: Gnosis
Date Implemented: November 12, 2021
Block number: 19,040,000 :::

What is EIP-1559

EIP 1559 introduces a BASEFEE for all blockchain transactions. This is a minimum fee charged for each transaction, and it is adjusted depending on network congestion (gas usage per block). When gas usage is high, the fee increases, and when it is low, the fee decreases.

Once collected, base fees are burned by the protocol rather than paid directly to the miners (or validators in the case of xDai). In addition to the base fee, a PRIORITYFEE can be added to a transaction as a tip to incentivize miners (validators) to include it in a block.

How 1559 impacts the Gnosis

When EIP-1559 is implemented, xDai base fees will be burned within the protocol. This will result in a discrepancy between the xDai balance on the network and the DAI balance from Ethereum locked in the xDai bridge. To fix this imbalance, the corresponding amount of DAI on the mainnet will need to be used as well.

The imbalance has not resulted in large discrepancies, and the DAI balance has not been used as of yet.

Information on the burn is available here: https://dune.com/gnosischain_team/EIP-1559-on-xDai

Block size is also increased to 34M with this upgrade.

:::info For more info about EIP-1559 on Ethereum and how it works, see the list of EIP-1559 resources compiled by Tim Beiko. :::

// File: about/specs/hard-forks/merge

Network: Gnosis
Beacon block number: 6,306,357
Completed: 8 December 2022
Merged successful announcement

The Merge

In early December 2022, Gnosis underwent the Merge. The Gnosis execution layer (formerly xDai) has been merged with the Gnosis Beacon Chain, in a process similar to the Ethereum merge.

The Merge represents an important shift for Gnosis, replacing the legacy Proof-of-Authority consensus with the open and unpermissioned Beacon Chain Consensus. This allows Gnosis to transition to a fully decentralized and permissionless proof-of-stake network.

The Merge is also another step in Gnosis' journey together with Ethereum. From the early days of xDai at ETHDenver, Gnosis has had a role in Ethereum's journey. With the adoption of Ethereum's consensus mechanism, Gnosis will continue to contribute to Ethereum's growth as an experimental chain, where newcomers, experiments and ideas are welcome.

When did the Merge happen?

:::tip

The week of 5th Dec 2022

:::

On the 9 Nov 2022 Gnosis Core Devs call, it was agreed to target the week of 5th Dec 2022 for the Merge. Due to variances in block time, the Merge will likely happen sometime from 5th to 11th Dec 2022.

TTD

With the 5th Dec 2022 target in mind, the Core Devs have proposed the following TTD value:

8626000000000000000000058750000000000000000000

This number was not chosen randomly: to pay tribute to the Ethereum Merge, Core Devs have proposed to include Ethereum's TTD, 58750000000000000000000, in the Gnosis Merge TTD.

Bellatrix

Similar to Ethereum, the Gnosis Beacon Chain have had a Bellatrix epoch that occurred prior to the Merge.

:::danger

The Bellatrix upgrade is a hard fork. Nodes that aren't upgraded when the upgrade is released risk syncing to a pre-fork blockchain.

:::

Timeline

Date	Event
15 Nov 2022 (Wed)	Merge Date announced publicly
23 Nov 2022 (Wed)	Release of merge-ready Client Images
23 Nov 2022 (Wed)	Release of revamped Validator Docs
30 Nov 2022 (Wed)	Bellatrix epoch hit for Consensus Layer clients
5-11 Dec 2022 (Mon)	Estimated TTD window for Gnosis Merge

How to Prepare

For Validators

:::caution

Merge-ready clients releases can be downloaded from the link below. Please check and download the latest version of release for your clients. Latest announcements will be made in the #validators channel in Gnosis Discord and on Twitter.

:::

EL client

Client	Merge ready release	Status
Nethermind	v1.14.6	✅ https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/releases/tag/1.14.6
Erigon	TBA	⌛ Coming soon

CL client

Client	Merge ready release	Status
Teku	v22.11.0	✅ Available https://github.com/ConsenSys/teku/releases/tag/22.11.0
Lodestar	v1.2.2	✅ Available https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/releases/tag/v1.2.2
Lighth

… [truncated — open the raw llms.txt above for the full file]